化合物详情

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethyl cyanoacrylate, which has a vapor pressure of 0.31 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethyl cyanoacrylate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Ethyl cyanoacrylate contains chromophores that absorb strongly at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of ethyl cyanoacrylate can be estimated to be 6.8(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that ethyl cyanoacrylate is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, movement of ethyl cyanoacrylate through soil will be hindered by its rapid polymerization as it comes into contact with moisture or other weakly basic substances(3,4).

Ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerizes rapidly on contact with moisture(1,2). Therefore, biodegradation is not a relevant environmental fate process for this substance(SRC).

Ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerizes rapidly on contact with moisture(1,2). Therefore, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not a relevant environmental process for this substance(SRC).

Ethyl cyanoacrylate polymerizes rapidly on contact with moisture (1,2). Therefore, volatilization from moist soil and water surfaces is not a relevant transport process for this substance. Ethyl cyanoacrylate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.31 mm Hg at 20 °C(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethyl cyanoacrylate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The 2-cyanoacrylic esters are highly reactive and polymerize nearly instantaneously through an anionic mechanism on contact with moisture or other weakly basic substances(2,3). Therefore, rapid polymerization is expected to be the dominant fate process for ethyl cyanoacrylate in soil and water. Ethyl cyanoacrylate contains chromophores that absorb strongly at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis...

Ethyl cyanoacrylate's production and use as an adhesive(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 65,862 workers (24,791 of these were female) were potentially exposed to ethyl cyanoacrylate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to ethyl cyanoacrylate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethyl cyanoacrylate is produced or used. Ethyl cyanoacrylate was detected in the workspace air at one out of 22 nail sculpturing salons sampled in south-eastern Norway with a reported concentration of 0.003 ppm(2). Members of the general population may be exposed to ethyl cyanoacrylate via inhalation or dermal contact when using commercial cyanoacrylate adhesives(SRC).

Ethyl cyanoacrylate's production and use as an adhesive may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.31 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates ethyl cyanoacrylate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethyl cyanoacrylate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.5 days. Ethyl cyanoacrylate is highly reactive and polymerizes rapidly on contact with moisture or other weakly basic substances; therefore, environmental processes such as volatilization from moist soil and water surfaces, biodegradation, and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms are not relevant for this substance. Ethyl cyanoacrylate...

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

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Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Oral (L96); inhalation (L96); dermal (L96)

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also...

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/CASE REPORTS/ ... An individual ... showed a skin reaction associated with occupational exposure to an ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA)-based adhesive (90% ECA), initially on the backs of hands but later progressing to all of the hands, lower arms, and abdomen. The only positive skin reaction in a patch testing series was to ECA. Negative reactions were reported for a group of 20 control subjects patch-tested with 100% adhesive.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

LC50 Rat (Wistar, male and female) inhalation 21.11 mg/L (1 hr/14days)

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/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of five male and five female rats were exposed for 1 hr to 21,000 mg/cu m of ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) aerosol (droplet size not stated), resulting in 70% mortality during the first 4 days post-exposure. Macroscopic pathological examination of the seven decedents revealed pulmonary and intestinal hemorrhage in all animals and splenic hemorrhage in six of seven animals.

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /...