化合物详情

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA: 40

USDA APHIS Chemical Effects: collection=usda_chemeffect&query_type=synonym&query='^23422-53-9$'

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an estimated vapor pressure of approximately 6.8X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(1), formetanate hydrochloride will exist primarily in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(2). It will degrade in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 5 hrs(3). Physical removal of particulate formetanate hydrochloride from air is likely to occur through wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indexes, the Koc for formetanate hydrochloride can be estimated to be about 212(1). The Koc for formetanate hydrochloride can be estimated to be about 3.2 based on an experimental water solubility of 500,000 mg/L(3) and a regression derived equation(2). According to a suggested classification scheme(4), these estimated Koc values suggest that formetanate hydrochloride soil mobility is medium to very high. In a thin-layer chromatography study of the fungicide in Hagerstown silty clay loam soils, formetanate hydrochloride had Rf factors of 0.75 and 0.79(5,6). According to a suggested classification scheme(7), these Rf factors suggest that formetanate hydrochloride would be mobile in soil.

In river bottom soil of pH 8, the free amine decomposed rapidly and the major identified degradation products were m- formaminophenyl-N-methylcarbamate, m-formaminophenol, and m- aminophenol(1). In soil, the free amine concentration decreased from 53.7% at 1 day to 10.4% after 16 days(1).

Based upon an experimental water solubility of 500,000 mg/l(1), the BCF of formetanate hydrochloride can be estimated to be approximately 0.38 from a regression-derived equation(2). According to this BCF value, bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for formetanate hydrochloride can be estimated to be 2.3X10-19 atm-cu m/mole using a structure estimation method(1). This value of Henry's Law constant indicates that formetanate hydrochloride is essentially nonvolatile from water(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of formetanate hydrochloride with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be approximately 75.2X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). Aqueous base-catalyzed hydrolysis (at 25 °C) is estimated as 1.8 l/mol sec which corresponds to half-lives of 4.5 days at pH of 8 and 45.2 days at pH of 7(2,SRC). The free amine undergoes hydrolytic nucleophilic transformations in soil(3).

A study of pesticide residues in infant foods and adult foods eaten by infants/children (1985-1991), found formetanate hydrochloride in two out of 2464 samples of domestic apples at a maximum level of 0.21 ppm which is below the EPA tolerance limit of 3 ppm(1).

Formetanate hydrochloride's use as an insecticide(1) will result in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications(SRC).

Pesticides, such as formetanate hydrochloride, can be absorbed into the body by three routes: dermal, inhalation, and ingestion(1). Formetanate hydrochloride has been detected in American foods(2); therefore the general population can be exposed through ingestion of contaminated foods(SRC).

Formetanate hydrochloride's use as an insecticide will result in its release to the environment through various insecticidal applications. Formetanate hydrochloride residues have been detected in apples. If released to soil, formetanate hydrochloride is expected to be mobile and have medium to high soil mobility. If released to water, formetanate hydrochloride will be essentially nonvolatile. Aqueous base-catalyzed hydrolysis (at 25 °C) of formetanate hydrochloride has an estimated half-life of 4.5 days at pH of 8 and 45.2 days at pH of 7. Insufficient data are available to predict the relative importance or rate of biodegradation in water. If released to the atmosphere, formetanate hydrochloride will exist primarily in the particulate phase. Physical removal from air can occur through...

As with organophosphates, the signs and symptoms are based on excessive cholinergic stimulation. Unlike organophosphate poisoning, carbamate poisonings tend to be of shorter duration because the inhibition of nervous tissue acetylcholinesterase is reversible, and carbamates are more rapidly metabolized. Muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating and slight body discomfort are commonly reported early symptoms. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Contraction of the pupils with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech have been reported. (L795)

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

LC50 (rat) = 150 mg/m3

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central...

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Inhalation (L793); oral (L793); dermal (L793)

Formetanate hydrochloride is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Carbamates form unstable complexes with chlolinesterases by carbamoylation of the active sites of the enzymes. This inhibition is reversible. A cholinesterase inhibitor suppresses the action of acetylcholine esterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholine esterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses. Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea are often prominent at higher levels of exposure. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acety...

Oral Acute Reference Dose Reference: OPP

Symptomatology: 1. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea & excessive salivation...sweating. 2. Lassitude & weakness. 3. Rhinorrhea and sensation of tightness in chest may occur with inhalation exposure. 4. Blurring or dimness of vision. Miosis...tearing, ciliary muscle spasm, loss of accommodation and ocular pain. None of these...signs...is dependable for diagnosis. Mydriasis may be seen... 5. Loss of muscle coordination, slurring of speech, fasciculation & twitching of muscles. 6. Difficulty in breathing, excessive secretions of saliva and of resp tract mucus, oronasal frothing, cyanosis, pulmonary rales & rhonchi, and hypertension. 7. ...jerky movements, incontinence, convulsions and coma. 8. Death...due to resp arrest of central origin, paralysis of resp muscles, intense bronc...

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

LD50 Rabbit subcutaneous greater than 10200 mg/kg

Formetanate HCL did not irritate the skin of rabbits, but caused moderate reversible eye irritation.