化合物详情

Palladium belongs to the platinum group metals (ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum), which are rare elements often found together in nature(1). In the lithosphere, the estimated concentration of platinum group metals range from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm(2). Palladium's abundance in the earth's crust is 0.001-0.01 ppm(3).

Palladium concentrations in personal samples collected in 1996 during industrial operations involving the handling of palladium compounds were reported to be between 0.4 and 11.6 ug Pd/cu m as a 8-hour time-weighted average(1). Mean palladium concentrations of 3.5 ug/cu m, with local exhaust ventilation, and 5.5 ug/cu m, without dust control, were measured in the breathing zone of dental technicians(1). Palladium concentrations in air in a platinum and palladium refinery in New Jersey ranged from 0.001 to 0.36 ug/cu m(1).

Dust samples were collected in 1985 from the surfaces of plants along side roads in San Diego, CA; palladium concentrations ranged from 0.015 mg/kg dry weight in dust collected along Bellaire Court, a residential street with light traffic, up to 0.28 mg/kg dry weight in dust collected approximately 2 ft from the edge of Interstate 5, a major freeway(1). Palladium concentrations of 0.001-0.146 mg/kg were reported in urban road dusts in Germany in 1995(2).

Skin contact with palladium may cause contact dermatitis, erythema, and oedema. (L798)

Contact with palladium may cause palladium sensitivity and allergy. Animal studies have shown that palladium may damage the liver and kidney. (L798)

Inhalation (A21); oral (A21); dermal (A21)

Palladium ions are able to inhibit most major cellular fuctions. They form strong complexes with both inorganic and organic ligands, substitute essential ions, bind to amino acids and various enzymes including creatine kinase and prolyl hydroxylase, and interact with functional groups of other macromolecules such as DNA leading to strand breakage. (L798)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

People with known metal (especially nickel) allergy may have an increased risk of palladium allergy.

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/