化合物详情

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA: 13

Terrestrial Fate: The fate of copper with respect to its leachability in purely organic spruce forest soils was studied. Appreciable mobilization of copper occurred only with prolonged leaching at pH 2.8. Therefore, it does not appear likely that acidic rainfall will result in significant mobilization of copper from organic soils unless the pH of rainfall decreases to < 3. ... Estimated that approx 50% of copper in the top few centimeters of these soils was organically bound, approx 18% was in the hydroxy carbonate form, approx 7% was in the adsorbed state, approx 11% was bound by other anions and 6% was irreversibly adsorbed. Only 3% of the copper was extractable with water at pH 4.5; hence only 3% was mobile at this pH. ... In urbanized areas the effects of land clearing, profile disr...

A study was conducted on the distribution of managanese, iron, copper, lead, and zinc in the water and sediment of Kelang esturary in 1981. The mean total levels of manganese, iron, copper, lead, and zinc in the estuarine water were 27.1 ug/l, 106.5 g/l, 10.0 ug/l, 4.1 ug/l and 17.9 ug/l respectively. The results indicate that Kelang estuary is polluted with lead, manganese, and iron. However, levels of these heavy metals may still be considered safe for aquaculture, if the farm is located at least 10 km away from the river mouth.

The contents of copper, molybdenum, sulphur, zinc, selenium, iron, manganese, and the copper/molybdenum ratio were determined in different native plant species from a mountain area of central southern Norway. The overall mean values and ranges (mg/kg DM) were copper: 6.0, 0.9-27.2; molybdenum: 0.25, 0.01-3.57; zinc: 77, 8-320; selenium: 0.05, less than 0.01-0.32; iron: 208, 15-2245; manganese: 338, 31-3784; sulfur: (g/100 g DM) 0.20, 0.03-0.56; copper/molybdenum: 79, 1-7955. Levels of the individual elements showed considerable variability, both between and within plant groups. Mineral contents were compared with the established requirements for sheep and cattle, the following conclusion being drawn. The levels of zinc, sulphur, iron, and manganese were found to be adequate for ruminants.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain.

Copper is present in concn averaging about 4 ppm in limestones, 55 ppm in igneous rocks, 50 ppm in sandstones, and 45 ppm in shales. The marked concentrations of copper in shales & sandstones suggest that copper in the lithosphere exists largely as adsorbed ions, fine grained particles or as one of many discrete sedimentary copper minerals. Generally, these minerals occur only as sparse tiny grains that are widely disseminated throughout the sedimentary rocks.

Smelting operations may produce ... elemental copper ... /and/ it is likely that municipal incineration will produce copper ... .

Copper bracelets are worn as a folk remedy for rheumatic disorders; there is no good evidence to justify such a practice.

Breathing high levels of copper can cause irritation of the nose and throat. Acute symptoms of copper poisoning by ingestion include vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hypotension (low blood pressure), melena (black "tarry" feces), coma, jaundice (yellowish pigmentation of the skin), and gastrointestinal distress. Individuals with glucose-6-phosphate deficiency may be at increased risk of hematologic effects of copper. Hemolytic anemia resulting from the treatment of burns with copper compounds is infrequent. Chronic (long-term) effects of copper exposure can damage the liver and kidneys.

In cases of suspected copper poisoning, penicillamine is the drug of choice, and dimercaprol, a heavy metal chelating agent, is often administered. Vinegar is not recommended, as it assists in solubilizing insoluble copper salts.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys (increased risk with Wilson's disease)

LD50: 3500 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T26)

Copper toxicity, also called copperiedus, refers to the consequences of an excess of copper in the body. Copperiedus can occur from eating acid foods cooked in uncoated copper cookware, or from exposure to excess copper in drinking water or other environmental sources. Very-high doses of copper can damage liver and kidneys, and can even cause death. Copper may induce allergic responses in sensitive individuals. (L278, L279)

Drug Class: Trace Elements and Metals

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Oral (L277); inhalation (L277); dermal (L277)

Excess copper is sequestered within hepatocyte lysosomes, where it is complexed with metallothionein. Copper hepatotoxicity is believed to occur when the lysosomes become saturated and copper accumulates in the nucleus, causing nuclear damage. This damage is possibly a result of oxidative damage, including lipid peroxidation. Copper inhibits the sulfhydryl group enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and paraoxonases, which protect the cell from free oxygen radicals. It also influences gene expression and is a co-factor for oxidative enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase and lysyl oxidase. In addition, the oxidative stress induced by copper is thought to activate acid sphingomyelinase, which lead to the production of ceramide, an apoptotic signal, as... CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Acute Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (L134) Intermediate Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (L134)

Oral Subchronic Chronic Reference Dose Reference: ATSDR Draft

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Symptoms of acute copper toxicity are sporadic fever, tachycardia, hypotension, hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis, oliguria, uremia, coma, cardiovasuclar collapse, & death. The prompt emetic effect of copper limits its oral toxicity ... /because it/ irritates the nerve endings in the stomach & initiates the vomiting reflex in higher animals. Inhalation of dusts & fumes ... cause congestion of nasal mucous membranes, ulceration & perforation of the nasal septum, & pharyngeal congestion. ... Highly water soluble copper salts are more toxic than sparingly soluble salts; anions such as arsenite & chromate enhance apparent copper toxicity. /Soluble copper salts/

Persons at special risk include those with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, since the breathing of copper fume might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties. /Copper fume/

Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract: 1

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: There are no human data, inadequate animal data from assays of copper compounds, and equivocal mutagenicity data. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate.

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine, hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Copper and related compounds/

Fraction of Contaminant Absorbed in Gastrointestinal Tract: 1

Reference: Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP