化合物详情

Pesticide Ecotoxicity Data from EPA: 3

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 0.31 ppm for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.35 ppm)

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromine, which has a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals yields the bromide radical and HOBr(3). Bromine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Bromine will slowly be reduced to bromide by natural oxidizable materials(1).

The Henry's Law constant for bromine is 1.32X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bromine is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Bromine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Bromine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Bromine is reported to vaporize rapidly at room temperature(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 4.5X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The reaction of bromine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals yields the bromide radical and HOBr(1). In the presence of moisture and sunlight, bromine has a short life-time and is transformed into hydrobromic acid and oxygen(3). In water below pH 3, bromine is present almost entirely as the molecular Br2(3); above pH 3, the fraction present as Br2 decreases and HOBr is formed(3); between pH 6 and pH 8, most of the bromine is present as HOBr(3). Bromine gas absorbs at wavelen...

/PLANTS/ Bromine releases as a consequence of ... production activities has had serious effects upon vegetation in the locale. The first noted manifestation of a problem was damage to coniferous trees near the bromine plants. Needle tip necrosis after 13 to 14 month and 1 to 2 month exposure times was very evident within a 3 mile radius of all bromine facilities sampled. At further distances of 3.5 to 12 miles, tip damage was sporadic, varying from tree to tree, and not evident on 1 to 2 month-exposure needles. The foliage burn and death of trees within 0.5 to 1 mile was extreme. Conifers were decidedly more susceptible to the bromine emissions than were broadleaf trees, shrubs, and grasses. Chlorophyll (a and b) levels were greatly reduced in the conifer trees surrounding the bromine p...

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Bromine does not exist in nature in its elemental state, Br(1), but is found solely as the bromide(2).

Bromine's production and use in the manufacture of flame retardants, oil well drilling fluids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other compounds(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC); its use as a fumigant for stored grains and other produce(2) and use as water disinfectant in hot tubs, swimming pools and whirlpools(1,2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 62,214 workers (10,780 of these are female) are potentially exposed to bromine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bromine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromine is produced or used(SRC).

Bromine's production and use in the manufacture of flame retardants, oil well drilling fluids, pesticides, pharmaceuticals and other compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fumigant for stored grains and other produce and use as water disinfectant in hot tubs, swimming pools and whirlpools will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 212 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates bromine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromine in the atmosphere (BR2) will react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8.6 hours. Bromine absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis...

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. (L626, L627)

Bromine should be washed with water from any areas of dermal or ocular contact. If inhaled, treatment is mainly symptomatic and may include maintaining an adequate airway, administering oxygen, antibronchospasm therapy, and/or antibiotics. (L626)

respiratory system, eyes, central nervous system, skin

LD50: 85.2 ppm (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (A542) LD50: 2600 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A542) LC50: 750 ppm over 9 minutes (Inhalation, Mouse) (A542)

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Oral (L626); inhalation (L626); dermal (L626)

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

Concentration of 11-23 mg/cu m produces severe choking ... 30-60 mg/cu m is extremely dangerous ... 200 mg/cu m would prove fatal in very short time ... vapors can cause acute as well as chronic poisoning .. it has cumulative properties ..

1 mg/kg body wt

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs o...