化合物详情

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

LC50 (rat) = 4 ppm/6H

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

Oral (L96); inhalation (L96); dermal (L96)

Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydr...

Isocyanates are irritating to the skin and the mucous membranes, the skin conditions ranging from localized itching to more or less widespread eczema. Eye affections are less common and, although lacrimation is often found, conjunctivitis is rare. The commonest and most serious troubles, however, are those affecting the respiratory systems. /Isocyanates/

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The dominant lethal test was used to evaluate the mutagenic potential of isocyanatoethyl methacrylate in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 25, 80, or 250 ppb of isocyanatoethyl methacrylate by inhalation for 6 hr/day for 10 wk (one spermatogenic cycle). After the exposure period, the males were bred with untreated virgin female rats. At approx mid-gestation, the females were sacrificed and the number of corpora lutea, implantations and resorptions were recorded. Statistical analysis of these data indicated that the treated males were comparable to control males in all reproductive parameters evaluated. Isocyanatoethyl methacrylate did not affect male fertility or produce dominant lethal mutations in male rats.

Most treatment is symptomatic. Mydriatics, systemic analgesics, and topical antibiotics (Sulamyd) may be used for corneal abrasions. There is no effective therapy for sensitized workers, and these people should be moved to a work site devoid of exposure to isocyanates. /Isocyanates/