多功能氟离子源，用于研究两性聚合物凝胶的离子特异性溶胀和消溶胀，贵金属在 HF 中的室温氧化，以及测量卤化碱聚合物中离子的电子极化率。 A versatile fluoride ion source used in a study of ion-specific swelling and de-swelling of ampholytic polymer gels, in the room temperature oxidation of noble metals in HF, and in the measurement of electronic polarizabilities of ions in polymers of alkali halides.